c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. b. ones values and goals. 2.3.2.5. c. manifest content. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. 2.3.1.4. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. Chapter Recap. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? b. rationalization. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? Describe the role of genes in mental illness. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. Operant conditioning. b. transference. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. 117. d. cognitive-behavioral. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. d. displacement. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. 37. 106. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. b. b. negative transference. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. a. psychoanalysis. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? d. quaternary prevention. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. 130. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. c. humanistic-existential Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. b. behavior-focused therapists. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. 138. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. d. sociocultural. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? 69. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. What is learning and what forms does it take? a. psychodynamic c. children who very seldom fight. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. Why is this? c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. c. psychoanalysts. 48. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior - CliffsNotes b. working through. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. 86. 157. c. psychodynamic. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: 2.2.1.4. b. the pleasure principle. b. brain stimulation. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. It is difficult to research this perspective. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. It is difficult to research this perspective. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. What is it? Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. d. known risk and protective factors. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. The nervous system. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? We will explore a few of these factors in this section. Describe observational learning and modeling. 2.3.3.2. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. d. humanistic. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. b. modeling. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? a. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. d. synapses. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. 12. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. c. cognitive-behavioral According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. 85. 23. The development of personality. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. 95. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. How so? a. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. b. resistance. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. 49. Figure 2.9. 13. 147. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. 91. 54. 61. d. projection. During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. a. 74. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. a. modeling The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. This is an example of: a. shaping. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. a. The Structure of the Nervous System. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. The strategies arise from all three learning models. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. d. object relations theory. a. humanistic The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. 156. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. b. self theory. Shonda responds by changing the subject. 120. c. superego. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. 100. 2.2.1.1. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. 153. b. humanistic. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. They are sexual in nature. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? d. the ways in which women express their femininity. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. None of the models are complete within themselves. 150. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? See Figure 2.1 below. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. b. early childhood trauma. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. 109. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us.
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