which of the following was a progressive era reform which of the following was a progressive era reform

He broke decisively with the state Republican leadership, and took control of the party by 1900, all the time quarreling endlessly with ex-allies.[88]. The 17th Amendment allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators. [118], At the local level the new city manager system was designed by progressives to increase efficiency and reduce partisanship and avoid the bribery of elected local officials. [250][251] Prominent leaders included the Mayo Brothers whose Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, became world-famous for innovative surgery. The federal decision together with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 and the creation that years of the Federal Trade Commission largely de-escalated the antitrust rhetoric among progressives. Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. The federal government responded to Sinclair's book and the NeillReynolds Report with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration. Where it is possible, determine the unique numerical value of AB,3A,2B,4A,A+B|\mathbf{A B}|, 3|\mathbf{A}|,|-2 \mathbf{B}|,|4 \mathbf{A}|,|\mathbf{A}|+|\mathbf{B}|AB,3A,2B,4A,A+B, and A+B|\mathbf{A}+\mathbf{B}|A+B. The Progressive movement was a political and social-reform movement that brought major changes to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Diversity and disagreement within progressivism, Causes and Effects of the Progressive Era, https://www.britannica.com/topic/progressivism, University of Tennessee, Knoxville - University Libraries - From Pi Beta Phi to Aroowmont - The Origins of Progressivism, Social Welfare History Project - Progressive Era, Oklahoma Historical Society - Progressive Movement, Wisconsin Historical Society - Progressivism and the Wisconsin Idea, Natural Law, Natural Rights and American Constitutionalism - Progressivism and America's Tradition of Natural Law and Natural Rights, The Heritage Foundation - The Progressive Movement and the Transformation of American Politics, Progressives focus on local-level wins to counter setbacks. A. Open Primaries and Representation,". The Progressive ERa is defined as a historical era because the time period is characterized by the ~ answer choices shrinking of the Us.S. [115][116], Disturbed by the waste, inefficiency, stubbornness, corruption, and injustices of the Gilded Age, the Progressives were committed to changing and reforming every aspect of the state, society and economy. Theodore Roosevelt & the Progressive Era Reforms, Goals & Beliefs | Who Were the Progressives? Joe Locke, "Making the Bible Belt: Preachers, Prohibition, and the Politicization of Southern Religion, 18771918" (PhD dissertation, Rice University, 2012). [80] The League sent questionnaires to prospective candidates to the state legislature to obtain their stance on direct legislation and to make those positions public. In 1916, federal aid was first made available to improve post-roads, and promote general commerce. Ebner, Michael H., and Eugene M. Tobin, eds. "[155], Legal historian Herbert Hovenkap argues that while many early Progressives inherited the racism of Jim Crow, as they began to innovate their own ideas, they would embrace behaviorism, cultural relativism, and marginalism, which stress environmental influences on humans rather than biological inheritance. [38] Starting as a loyal organizational Republican, he broke with the bosses in the late 1890s, built up a network of local organizers loyal to him, and fought for control of the state Republican Party, with mixed success. After his death in 1925 his sons, Robert M. La Follette Jr. and Philip La Follette, succeeded him as progressive leaders in Wisconsin.[41]. Two major laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act, were passed to regulate business and prevent monopolies. ", Arthur J. Altmeyer, "The Wisconsin Idea and Social Security. Their concept of national democracy rested on the hope that the states and Congress might counteract the centralizing alliance between national parties and the trusts. As Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, played a key role in upholding many reforms, tending to align with Oliver Wendell Holmes. [248] The Southern Education Board came together to publicize the importance of reform. Watch the video in which author Eric Foner discusses the effect that the Progressive era had on democracy. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Federal action finally won out in 1911, splitting Standard Oil into 33 companies. For example, his son Bob La Follette lost his Senate seat in the 1946 primary to Joseph McCarthy, a much more energetic candidate. [22][23], The Progressives were avid modernizers, with a belief in science and technology as the grand solution to society's flaws. Factories were noisy, dangerous, and spewed toxic gases that polluted the air and clouded the sky. Montezuma believed in self-determination for Native Americans, but also demanded that Indians be granted full citizenship and the same rights as other Americans. What happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?, Putnam, Jackson K. The Persistence of Progressivism in the 1920s: The Case of California., Zieger, Robert H. "Labor, Progressivism, and Herbert Hoover in the 1920's. During the Progressive era, female activists used traditional constructions of womanhood, which imagined all women as mothers and homemakers, to justify their entrance into community affairs: as "municipal housekeepers," they would clean up politics, cities, and see after the health and well-being of their neighbors. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. "Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform", Miller, Worth Robert. William A. In 1860 one marriage in 800 ended in divorce; by 1900 it was one marriage in 8. During the Progressive Era, protections for workers and consumers were strengthened, and women finally achieved the right to vote. Relying on their own investigative journalism, muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption. Along the Color Line 16th Amendment Summary, Importance & Purpose | What is the 16th Amendment? Wickersham and his staff, all expert lawyers, were not experts in business management. Mainline Protestant denominations adopted the Social Gospel. Create your account, 22 chapters | [4], To revitalize democracy, progressives established direct primary elections, direct election of senators (rather than by state legislatures), initiative and referendum,[5] and women's suffrage which was promoted to advance democracy and bring a "purer" female vote into the arena. Progressive reformers differed dramatically over how the balance should be struck between those three somewhat competing objectives as well as how the new national state they advocated should address the domestic and international challenges of the new industrial order. He finally ran an independent campaign for president in 1924 that appealed to the German Americans, labor unions, socialists, and more radical reformers. The Progressive Era touched nearly every facet of American life, including labor reform, increased government regulation, and expansion of democracy. Related Items. The Senate voted 826 in favor; the House agreed, 37350. [218], Many progressive leaders used the rhetoric of righteousness to motivate their Protestant supporters. La Follette won re-election in 1902 and 1904. [3] Spreading the message of reform through mass-circulation newspapers and magazines by "probing the dark corners of American life" were investigative journalists known as muckrakers". Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained they were not being helpful by raking up too much muck. [136], Some activists demanded change, and questioned the old thinking regarding marriage and sexuality. The Progressive Era | Key Facts | Britannica Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943. [fact or opinion? [118], This movement targeted the regulations of huge monopolies and corporations. He failed to win the nomination for governor in 1896 and 1898 before winning the 1900 gubernatorial election. To prevent this from happening, they created two houses of Congress. Previous Section U.S. Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, as well as state aid. In 1902 the League won a state constitutional amendment establishing direct democracy at the local level, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1958. CORRECT:* The percentage of married women in the labor force doubled between 1900 and 1930. [192], In the Gilded Age (late 19th century), the parties were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector, except in the area of railroads and tariffs. The 1906 federal Pure Food and Drug Act, which was pushed by drug companies and providers of medical services, removed from the market patent medicines that had never been scientifically tested. [137] Dating became a new way of courting during the Progressive Era and moved youth into a more romantic way of viewing marriage and relationships. [242][243][244], A new field of study, the art and science of homemaking, emerged in the Progressive Era in an effort to feminize women's education in the United States. Analyze the political cartoon depicting President Theodore Roosevelt. The middle class lived in leafy neighborhoods in the city and took the trolley to work in downtown offices. 1928 Election Candidates & Controversy | Who Won the Election of 1928? The curriculum aimed to cover a variety of topics, including teaching a standardized ways of gardening, child-rearing, cooking, cleaning, performing household maintenance, and doctoring. Second, in keeping with these new principles, progressives called for the reconstruction of American politics, hitherto dominated by localized parties, so that a more direct link was formed between government officials and public opinion. The AFL represented mainly skilled, white, native-born workers. The changes that the Progressive Era brought about were limited. "Business Disunity and the Progressive Movement, 19011914,". Let's take a couple of moments to review what we've learned! They differed significantly, however, over the meaning of the public interest and how a devotion to something higher than the self could be achieved. Michael J. Klarman, "The White Primary Rulings: A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking". [177], As late as 1920, half the population lived in rural areas. [206], Progressives looked to legal arbitration as an alternative to warfare. The pace was set in Detroit, Michigan, where Republican mayor Hazen S. Pingree first put together the reform coalition as mayor 18891897. Wyoming However, many rejected the reform. "Prominent Women in the Progressive Era: A Study of Life Histories" (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1976. Progressive Era Unit Exam | American History Quiz - Quizizz Cable car made getting around in cities easier in the mid to late 1800s. By 1900 middle class "progressive" reformers everywhere were studying it. "Organized Crime: Challenge to the American." Progressivism | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica [132], President Taft signed the March 4, 1913, bill (the last day of his presidency), establishing the Department of Labor as a Cabinet-level department, replacing the previous Department of Commerce and Labor. One of the most significant reflections of change in the United States during this time is shown in the amendments, or changes made to the Constitution. The House of Representatives was elected directly by the people, but the Senate was a different story. With the coming of the automobile after 1910, urgent efforts were made to upgrade and modernize dirt roads designed for horse-drawn wagon traffic. In 1911, Taft's diplomats signed wide-ranging arbitration treaties with France and Britain. The movement's attempts at introducing urban reforms to rural America often met resistance from traditionalists who saw the country-lifers as aggressive modernizers who were condescending and out of touch with rural life. [193] Wilson helped end the long battles over the trusts with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States experienced an industrial boom. Political machines controlled local and national politics, and corruption was rampant. They promoted gender equality and woman suffrage, and demanded a single standard of sexual morality for men and women. School funds and the term of public schools also grew. Their goal was to keep the various factions united for the fall campaign and minimize ticket-splitting. Updates? He was elected to a full term in 1904 and continued to promote progressive policies, some of which were passed in Congress. Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette initiated state Progressive reforms, commonly referred to as the "Wisconsin Idea.". The 19th Amendment was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919, and ratified on Aug. 18, 1920. Perhaps the most significant reflection of Progressive Era reforms comes from the Constitution. [138][139] A breakaway group, the National Woman's Party, tightly controlled by Alice Paul, used civil disobedience to gain publicity and force passage of suffrage. Allowing women to own land C. Direct election of US Senators D. Pushing for civil rights for African Americans See answer Advertisement RilezWootz The only progressive era reform here is C. Direct election of US Senators. [79] Following the Oregon model, John Randolph Haynes organized the Direct Legislation League of California in 1902 to launch the campaign for inclusion of the initiative and referendum in the state's constitution. Unfortunately, women's suffrage fell by the wayside as abolition and the Civil War gained momentum and, according to some, took priority. [105][106], Women put women's suffrage on the state agenda. Is this multiple choice? Women's. Many newspapers reprinted attacks from a flagship Democratic newspaper, The New York World, which made this trust a special target. Characteristics of Progressivism included a favorable attitude toward urbanindustrial society, belief in mankind's ability to improve the environment and conditions of life, belief in an obligation to intervene in economic and social affairs, a belief in the ability of experts and in the efficiency of government intervention. [148], Although there were some achievements that improved conditions for African Americans and other non-white minorities, the Progressive Era was still in the midst of the nadir of American race relations. [149] The Progressive ideology espoused by many of the era attempted to correct societal problems created by racial integration following the Civil War by segregating the races and allowing each group to achieve its own potential; most Progressives saw racial integration as a problem to be solved, rather than a goal to be achieved. Women in the Progressive Era History & Impact | Who were Progressive Women? National Democratic Congressional Committee. [233] Agitation for prohibition began during the Second Great Awakening in the 1840s when crusades against drinking originated from evangelical Protestants. PDF AP UNITED STATES HISTORY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) - College Board Biographer William Harbaugh argues: Woodrow Wilson gained a national reputation as governor of New Jersey by defeating the bosses and pushing through a progressive agenda. [15][16], Magazines experienced a boost in popularity in 1900, with some attaining circulations in the hundreds of thousands of subscribers. As the United States entered World War I, the Conscription Act banned the sale of liquor near military bases. [18] Most of the muckrakers wrote nonfiction, but fictional exposs often had a major impact as well, such as those by Upton Sinclair. [94] University economics professors John R. Commons and Harold Groves enabled Wisconsin to create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932. The main advocates of progressivism were often middle-class social reformers. Populism emerged earlier and came out of the farm community. Campbell, Barbara Kuhn. Carl Eis, "The 19191930 Merger Movement In American Industry", Peter H. Argersinger, "Electoral Processes." Finally, in 1920, Iowa got woman suffrage with the rest of the country by the 19th amendment to the federal Constitution.[107]. Provides ample, relevant historical information related to reform efforts during the time period. [56], Upton Sinclair was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. The Stalwart counterattack said the Progressives were too haughty, too beholden to experts, too eager to regulate, and too expensive. Judson A. Grenier, "Muckraking the muckrakers: Upton Sinclair and his peers." They were dueling for control of the Republican Party and Roosevelt encouraged the Senate to impose amendments that significantly weakened the treaties. The 16th amendment was passed by Congress in 1909 under President William Howard Taft and was ratified in 1913. While the Progressive Era did impact political and social change, the impact of these changes was limited. In states where agriculture was the main occupation, farmers often struggled to pay their taxes, especially when crops failed or prices dropped. By contrast, Europe and Asia had few foundations. The Progressive movement split into hostile factions. "[277], Tindall stresses the continuing importance of the Progressive movement in the South in the 1920s involving increased democracy, efficient government, corporate regulation, social justice, and governmental public service. A progressive amendment is a law passed at the federal level and is considered an amendment to the Constitution. In particular, the mixing of black and white pleasure-seekers in "black-and-tan" clubs troubled Progressive reformers. The social structure in rural Philippines was highly traditional and highly unequal. Each year, the government determined how much money it needed to collect from the people, then looked at the total population of each state. While white Progressives in principle believed in improving conditions for minority groups, there were wide differences in how this was to be achieved. The Philippines was a major target for the progressive reformers. Regulations that progressive groups . The system continues strong into the 21st century. They made it a point to also focus on family, education, and many other important aspects that still are enforced today. He challenged Taft for the Republican presidential nomination in the 1912 presidential election, but his candidacy was overshadowed by Theodore Roosevelt. [141], Across the South, black communities developed their own Progressive reform projects. Sullivan's book was first widely read on the left, as by labor activists, socialists and populists. Sounds pretty awful, right? It is difficult to determine the level of compliance, and although the media at the time portrayed the law as highly ineffective, even if it did not eradicate the use of alcohol, it certainly decreased alcohol consumption during the period. Videos. The largest foundations fostered modern, efficient, business-oriented operations (as opposed to "charity") designed to better society rather than merely enhance the status of the giver. [6] For many progressives this meant prohibition of alcoholic beverages. INCORRECT: x the institution of Prohibition in 1899x the creation of a state militia as a means of employing the unemployed and patrolling striking workers. During the progressive era, opponents of political reform included many memebers of all of the following except: The middle class: 25: 13483901625: During the progressive era, reformers of city government frequently tried: Create city managers: 26: 13483901626: The initiative and referendum were progressive era political reforms, designed to weaken The Panic of 1907 was followed by a small decline in real wages and increased unemployment, with both trends continuing until World War I. Campbell emphasizes the resulting stress on public finance and the impact on the Wilson administration's policies. Government officials responding to the needs of voters more readily. "[219] Wilson and Bryan were moralistic and very religious; Roosevelt and La Follette were moralistic and not very religious.[220][221][222]. Progressive scholars, based at the emerging research universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, Chicago, Michigan, Wisconsin, and California, worked to modernize their disciplines. Progressive Era reform efforts in addressing the problems of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in two areas. The Progressive Era is generally considered to be the first two decades of the 20th century, roughly 1900 to 1920, and it was a period of political, economic and social reform in the United States. Which of the following was a progressive era reform - Brainly The results were mixed. [232] Timberlake (1963) argues the dries sought to break the liquor trust, weaken the saloon base of big-city machines, enhance industrial efficiency, and reduce the level of wife beating, child abuse, and poverty caused by alcoholism. The Progressives fixed some of their reforms into law by adding amendments 16, 17, 18, and 19 to the Us constitution. [52] He was the first to demonstrate the practicality and profitability of managing forests for continuous cropping. The 18th Amendment was repealed on Dec. 5, 1933, with the 21st Amendment, the only amendment to ever repeal another in the history of America. [188][189] The most successful reforms came from the farmers who pursued agricultural extension, as their proposed changes were consistent with existing modernizing trends toward more efficiency and more profit in agriculture. They wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. However, in 1912 McGovern supported Roosevelt for president and LaFollette was outraged. Indeed Richard Hosfstadter argued that Progressivism was, "a phase in the history of the Protestant conscience, a latter-day Protestant revival. They were alarmed by the spread of slums, poverty, and the exploitation of labor. Nonetheless, the movement genuinely sought to promote public health and social morality and to create a more stable and ordered society. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2012). "Social Imperialism as Trasformismo: A Political Economy Case Study on the Progressive Era, the Federal Reserve Act, and the U.S.'s Entry into World War One, 18901917", in M. Lakitsch, Ed., Thelen, David P. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism,", Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s,", Lemons, J. Stanley. Lillian Wald and Jane Addams, 1916. In 1913, Congress passed the WebbKenyon Act, which forbade the transport of liquor into dry states. There they would be taught by full-time professional teachers who had graduated from the states' teachers colleges, were certified, and were monitored by the county superintendents. Activism during this time period resulted in multiple amendments to the Constitution which impacted change at the federal level. Lincoln Steffens was another investigative journalist and one of the leading muckrakers. As presidential candidate in 1916 he lost after alienating the California progressives. The machine was temporarily defeated, allowing reformers to launch the "Wisconsin idea" of expanded democracy. answer choices Judicial authority expanding to include administering local elections. Most of its activists had opposed populism. Originally, income tax (the amount of money the government takes from your salary) was based on your state's population. [19] In his 1906 novel The Jungle Sinclair exposed the unsanitary and inhumane practices of the meatpacking industry, as he made clear in the Jungle itself. [202] On the other hand, the rapid growth of industry called for a greater and expanding labor pool that could not be met by natural birth rates. [236] The league, rooted in Protestant churches, envisioned nationwide prohibition. The growth of old industries and the emergence of new ones, especially railroads, transformed American society and economy. Ida M. Tarbell wrote a series of articles against Standard Oil, which was perceived to be a monopoly. Explore the reasons for and results of the Progressive Era amendments. "The SheppardTowner act: Progressivism in the 1920s. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 18851930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Johnston, Robert D. "Re-Democratizing the Progressive Era: The Politics of Progressive Era Political Historiography", Johnston, Robert D. "Influential Works About the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." [72] In the Western states, woman suffrage was a success story, but racist anti-Asian sentiment also prevailed. [102][103], Iowa had a mixed record. Progressive Era Reforms | Examples, Accomplishments & History, The Grange and the Populist Party Platform: Goals, History & Definitions, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History. Jamess proposal for a national service was not as ambitious as the one found in Bellamys utopian society; moreover, James called for an all-male draft, thus ignoring Bellamys vision of greater gender equality, which inspired progressive thinkers such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman. [49] His majority opinion in the 1914 Shreveport Rate Case upheld the Interstate Commerce Commission's decision to void discriminatory railroad rates imposed by the Railroad Commission of Texas. The most important political leaders during this time were Theodore Roosevelt, and Robert M. La Follette. [205] These programs often operated through the public school system, which expanded dramatically. "[198] Wickersham realized the problem but Taft never did. [162], Insurgent Midwestern Republicans began promoting primaries starting in 1890 with Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin. Taft defeated Roosevelt for the 1912 Republican nomination and Roosevelt set up an entirely new Progressive Party. The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) were among the leading groups that encouraged abstinence and discouraged premarital sex. According to James Wright, the typical Progressive agenda at the state level included: A reduction of corporate influence, open processes of government and politics, equity entrance in taxation, efficiency in government mental operation, and an expanded, albeit limited, state responsibility to the citizens who are most vulnerable and deprived. More generally the Social Gospel impulse was base on righteousness, typified by the wide influence of theologian Walter Rauschenbusch. [137], The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an American women's rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The government also ratified the 19th amendment which gave women the right to vote. [241] The prohibition era gangsters outlasted the law and used it as a starting point to launch their criminal enterprises. The Progressive Era | Timeline | Britannica The institution of the initiative and referendums made it possible to pass laws without the involvement of the legislature, while the recall allowed for the removal of corrupt or under-performing officials, and the direct primary let people democratically nominate candidates, avoiding the professionally dominated conventions. [252], In the legal profession, the American Bar Association set up in 1900 the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration, Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad v. Interstate Commerce Commission, History of women in the United States Progressive era: 19001940, National American Woman Suffrage Association, Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Initiatives and referendums in the United States, American urban history Progressive era: 1890s1920s, History of direct democracy in the United States, Direct Democracy League for initiative and referendum in California, "United States History.