with reference to co-morbidity, Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. Neuropsychologist Michael Foster Green suggests that neurocognitive deficits in basic functions such as memory, attention, central executive and problem solving skills may combine to have an outcome which we are labelling Schizophrenia as if it was the cause when in fact it is simply an umbrella term for a set of effects. This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. Chronic environmental stress, for example having a schizophrenogenic mother, results in the onset of schizophrenia. Credit should be awarded for one type in some detail or for two (or more) done briefly. b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. Gender bias: Loring and Powell (1988) found that some behavior which was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females. Helping the patient to find logical reasons for the things which trouble them A final strength is that it takes on board the nurture approach to the development of schizophrenia. Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. (Total 4 marks) 12 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. By oversimplifying schizophrenia in terms of genes and neurotransmitters, the social context within which it develops has not been considered. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. Cognitive deficits have been suggested as possible explanations for a range of behaviors associated with schizophrenia. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. It binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, and there is some evidence that it produces fewer side-effects. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. Berger (1965), however this evidence may be unreliable because the patients recall may be effected by the dis-order e.g. 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Family therapy for families of adolescents or young adults who have developed schizophrenia tends currently to emphasize psychoeducation (guidance about schizophrenia and its treatment) and aims at enhancing recovery rather than the discovery of pathogenic patterns of child-rearing (McFarlane 2016 ). Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia - YouTube Is it the cognitive deficits which causes the schizophrenic behavior or is the schizophrenia that causes the cognitive deficits? Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. One criticism of the dopamine hypothesis is there is a problem with the chicken and egg. Here are a series of suggested answers for the Schizophrenia topic questions in AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 (Section B) in June 2018. Given that a much lower number of genes exist than anticipated, it is now recognised that genes have multiple functions and that many genes behavior. David Rosenhan (1973) famous experiment involving Pseudopatients led to 8 normal people being kept in hospital despite behaving normally. Research by Miyakawa et al. But they tended to block ALL types of dopamine activity, (in other parts of the brain as well) and this caused side effects and may have been harmful. This is evidence that the higher the degree of genetic relativeness, the higher the risk of getting schizophrenia. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . less effect on movement They also have some effect on other neurotransmitters such as serotonin . This has the effect of reducing dopamine production, and reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations. Company Reg no: 04489574. Those who do not have the schizogene would not develop schizophrenia, even if they experienced a chronically stressful upbringing. MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. Example Answers for Section C Schizophrenia Topic Paper 3 - tutor2u AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY - schizophrenia: psychological - Quizlet Diagnosis refers to the assigning of a label of a disorder to a patient. use a different sampling method, such as random or systematic OR a sample of people with schizophrenia who do not go to a self-help group. Schizophrenogenic Mother | SpringerLink For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. Atypical antipsychotic drugs work on negative symptoms, improving mood, cognitive functions and reducing depression and anxiety. A hundred Danish patients with a history of psychosis were assessed using operational criteria, and a concordance rate of 98% was obtained. Visual - Evaluation of neural correlates for schizophrenia 4. Schizophrenia: Genetics - A Level Psychology AQA Revision - Study Rocket For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. Diagnosis of schizophrenia is difficult as the practitioner has no physical signs but only symptoms (what the patient reports) to make a decision on. stress) may trigger the onset of schizophrenia, rather than individuals with schizophrenia moving down in social status. Clozapine acts in a similar way to Chlorpromazine, but also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors. Delusions: The most common delusion that people diagnosed with schizophrenia report is that others are trying to harm or kill them delusions of persecution. Comorbidity occurs because the symptoms of different disorders overlap. Interactionist Approach: Definition, Evaluation & Example - StudySmarter US This suggests that the biological account cannot give a full explanation of the disorder. Vasos (2012) Found the risk of schizophrenia was 2.37 times greater in cities than it was in the countryside, probably due to stress levels. In a token economy, tokens are given to reward people in psychiatric institutions for performing socially desirable behaviours, the aim being to encourage self-care. Evidence to support the genetic explanation comes from Gottesman and Shields, who found a concordance rate of 42% for MZ and 9% for DZ. Antipsychotic drugs are highly effective as they are relatively cheap to produce, easy to administer and have a positive effect on many sufferers. More receptors lead to more firing and an over production of messages. [2 marks] Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. Atypical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1970s, as an attempt to find drugs with fewer severe side-effects than typical antipsychotics. Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. A second weakness of the neuroanatomical explanations is that it is biologically deterministic. Laing and others rejected the medical / biological explanation of mental disorders. However the difference only emerged in situations where the adopted family was rated as disturbed. They are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions or of any internal voices they hear and to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs. So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia 3. CSE aims to teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies which will reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms and alleviate the accompanying distress. Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. More recent versions have included hypodopaminergia, where low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex are believed to be responsible for some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. For men the figure was 59%. It could be that the problems caused by low neurotransmitters creates the cognitive deficits. LS23 6AD laying out what they hope to achieve through the therapy. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . In order to diagnose Schizophrenia the Mental Health Profession developed the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) still used today as a method of classifying mental disorders (particularly in the USA). PDF Title: Psychological Explanations - WordPress.com Yellowless et al. To improve how the family communicated and handled the situation. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. Cochrane (1977) reported that the incidence of schizophrenia in the West Indies and the UK is 1 %, but that people of Afro-Caribbean origin are seven times more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenic when living in the UK. Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia. Evidence to support this view comes from the prospective adoption study by Tienari et al. (1990). Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. Even after stopping the use of the drug, this condition can persist. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Family dysfunction - the double-bind theory Bateson et al. Abstract. Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. found 108 separate genetic variations were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. One of the most important cognitive theories of schizophrenia is attention deficit theory. Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone and olanzapine are safer, and they also may be better tolerated. It is not a cure. One weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that there are methodological problems. Requires self-awareness and willingness to engage Held back by the symptoms schizophrenics encounter It is an ineffective treatment likely to lead to disengagement. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. double-bind, high expressed emotion - . Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. therefore, it is not appropriate to generalise their language ability to all people with schizophrenia (must be some application here) Adverse drug reactions experienced by out-patients taking Psychology | Psychology | tutor2u These include reduced levels of emotional expression, disorganised speech and delusions. Therefore there is no need to feel stressed or ashamed about them. Benzel et al. The legality of this has been challenged, and the use of token economies has declined as a result. Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. A weakness of the family relationsships appraoch is that there is a problem of cause and effect. This is a useful point to emphasise in any essay on the disorder. an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. Melzer (2012) concluded that Clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases where other drugs have failed, supporting its use in schizophrenia treatment. Bateson et al. In London the rate remained at 20%, suggesting neither group had a valid definition of schizophrenia. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Also, research by Sherrington et al. Preliminary analysis: Through interviews and observation the therapist identifies strengths and weaknesses of family members and identifies problem behaviors. She has been taking a typical antipsychotic drug and there have been improvements in her positive symptoms. West Yorkshire, Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , Pharoah et al (2010) suggest that the following techniques, in which all of the family are involved, are used: This is a behavioural treatment for schizophrenia, based on operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement). Family dysfunction | definition of Family dysfunction by Medical dictionary Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis. It is not clear which comes first. The technique alleviates negative symptoms such as poor motivation, and nurses subsequently view patients more positively, which raises staff morale and has beneficial outcomes for patients. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. McMonagle and Sultana (2000) reviewed token economy regimes over a 15-year period, finding that they did reduce negative symptoms, though it was unclear if behavioral changes were maintained beyond the treatment programme. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. Bentalls meta-analysis (2012) shows that stress arising from abuse in childhood increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. One area where the model has had considerable success is schizophrenia, a disease with both genetic and environmental causes. Faris and Dunham (1939) found clear pattern of correlation between inner city environments and levels of psychosis. There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk.