[3], Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals). Fivenon-PVL histologic mimicswere included as controls. Keratoacanthoma: hyperplasia, benign neoplasm, or a type of squamous cell carcinoma? An expert working group of oral and maxillofacial and head and neck pathologists reviewed microscopic features in a rigorous fashion, in combination with review of clinical photographs when available. [16] Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. Fitzpatrick SG, Honda KS, Sattar A, Hirsch SA. Occasionally, keratinizing SCC may occur.37,38, As a surrogate marker for high-risk HPV infection, p16 immunohistochemical stain serves as a helpful tool to distinguish warty, basaloid, and warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms from condyloma acuminatum and HPV-independent (differentiated) squamous neoplasms. PubMed Oral Oncol. The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic alkaloids. Reverse maturation and stromal invasion, when present, should raise concern for malignant transformation.21,27 Immunohistochemical profile, including negative, focal, or patchy staining for p16, is the same as described in ordinary condyloma acuminatum.24, Verrucous carcinoma is a unique variant of well-differentiated SCC. [29] As often with other organisms associated with plants such as mycorrhizal fungus, endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host. There are two different means of classifying endophytes. The keratinocytes are bland and without koilocytic change. Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. The basaloid tumor cells display high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and frequent mitoses at all levels of the epithelium (inset). J Clin Diagn Res.
Squamous A few koilocytes are present in the granular layer (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]). Similar lesions frequently harbor human papillomavirus and should at least raise suspicion for a seborrheic keratosis-like condyloma acuminatum. Microscopically, the squamous papillae are of variable lengths and shapes, lined by irregular well-differentiated squamous epithelium with overlying hyperkeratosis (Figure 5, A). Woo SB, Grammer RL, Lerman MA. Proliferative leukoplakia: proposed new clinical diagnostic criteria. A, This lesion demonstrates verruciform acanthosis and marked hyperkeratosis. Bulky squamous epithelial proliferation with an exophytic and/or endophytic growth pattern (the former often associated with corrugated/verrucous/papillary architecture). ( C) The endophytic squamous proliferation shows no cytologic atypia. Of these subtypes, the endophytic tumours have the worst prognosis because of their invasiveness and higher frequency of Although endophytic bacteria and fungi are frequently studied, endophytic archaea are increasingly being considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant. Semin Diagn Pathol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9. Aside from koilocytosis, cytologic atypia is absent (Figure 2, B). Head Neck Pathol. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. [21], Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations. However, this view has been challenged by the frequent detection of HPV in giant condylomas but rarely in verrucous carcinomas.24,25 As in ordinary condyloma acuminatum, giant condylomas usually harbor HPV 6 and 11.24 Recurrence rate is high,21 and malignant transformation to invasive SCC has been reported in more than 50% of cases, most commonly in HIV-positive patients.20,21 Not surprisingly, coinfection with high-risk HPV has been demonstrated in carcinoma ex giant condyloma acuminatum.26, The microscopic features of giant condyloma acuminatum are similar to those of its ordinary counterpart except for its large size and more florid excrescences. Carrard VC, Brouns ER, van der Waal I. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia; a critical appraisal of the diagnostic criteria. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13363. Head Neck Pathol. Histopathologically, VV is characterized by marked verruciform acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. On the other hand, bulky squamous epithelial proliferation that expands the epithelial thickness at least three-fold is concerning for developing ED. Epub 2016 Jun 14. An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for Oral mucosal lesions associated with smokers and chewersa casecontrol study in chennai population. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Endophytic fungi are ubiquitous to plants and are mainly members of Ascomycota or their mitosporic fungi, and some taxa of Basidiomycota, [32] It has been estimated that there could be approximately 1 million endophytic fungi that exist in the world. We sequenced TP53 in 30 SCCs from 6 women who had multiple SCCs on their legs during a 21-month time frame. Although VV (common wart) usually occurs on extragenital skin, it can occasionally arise in the anogenital area and may result in diagnostic confusion with condyloma acuminatum. [26][27] Many endophytes are in the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Multiple studies have shown that unlike giant condylomas, which consistently harbor HPV, anogenital verrucous carcinomas diagnosed on the basis of strict histopathologic criteria (see below) are predominantly negative for HPV.24,25,2830 These findings support distinct pathogenetic pathways in verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum, and that they should be considered separate entities. Cases associated with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and warty/basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are coinfected with high-risk HPV types.68. These endophyte plant interactions are widespread and have been found in nearly all land plants and ecosystems. [20] Specific endophyte species can also stimulate root growth by increasing the flux of auxin to where the endophyte is. Immunohistochemistry for p16 does not distinguish verrucous carcinoma from giant condyloma acuminatum, as both display negative or focal staining.30 Nuclear p53 staining is commonly present but mostly confined to the basal and suprabasal layers. This drug is important for the treatment of cancer. Approximately 40% of warts in the genital area of young girls are VV (positive for HPV 2) while the rest are condylomas (positive for HPV 6 or 11).70 The clinical morphologies of VV and condyloma acuminatum are similar in that both are exophytic and verrucous papules, but VV tends to be more hyperkeratotic than condyloma acuminatum. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is defined as a benign proliferation of the surface epithelium of various organs including the skin, lip, tongue, oral cavity, larynx, Condyloma acuminatum is caused by HPV infection, with HPV types 6 and 11 being the most prevalent.5 HPV 6 and 11 belong to the low-risk HPV group, which essentially has no risk for malignant progression. The latter refers to well-differentiated SCC with a papillary architecture. A common diagnostic quandary is regarding anogenital seborrheic keratosis (SK)like lesions without identifiable koilocytes (Figure 1, C). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jper.19-0621. These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions. Villa A, Menon RS, Kerr AR, et al. A, A warty squamous cell carcinoma shows an irregular verruciform architecture with conspicuous fibrovascular cores. 2004;33(2):6570. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Prognostic biomarkers in oral leukoplakia and proliferative verrucous leukoplakiaA systematic review of retrospective studies. Numerous tumors can develop in a short period of time. [22] Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing ABA to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO2. [22] Improvements in water use efficiency were observed in higher CO2 concentrations and a further increase was seen in water deficit conditions. B, Parakeratosis is compact with a characteristic orange hue or peach color. B, Koilocytes are readily found in the upper epidermis, while the remaining keratinocytes are cytologically uniform and bland (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 10 [A] and 200 [B]). Summary of the Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Condyloma Acuminatum and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region, The incidence of condyloma acuminatum (genital wart) is highest among young adults,1 but has declined since the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines.24 The lesions typically arise in the genitalia, anus, and the surrounding area (pubis, groin, and medial thigh). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in To review the overlapping and distinguishing features of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, and to clarify confusing terminology and diagnostic criteria for problematic entities. IFK clinically and pathologically resembles other malignant Despite these failures, such techniques might lead to some future improvements. 2019;13(4):5739. 2018;24(5):74960. Classification of these lesions is often challenging owing to significant histopathologic overlap and sometimes controversial and confusing diagnostic criteria. [24], Endophytic species are very diverse; only a small minority of existing endophytes have been characterized.
The working group then selected 43 single slide biopsy cases for whole slide digital imaging (WSI) review by members of the consensus conference. A lymphocytic band is present at the tumor base. 2017;83(5):58593. and transmitted securely. The polyenes isolated from the fungus have properties that are sought in gasoline-surrogate biofuels.
Sinonasal papilloma WebVerrucous carcinoma (also known as Ackerman tumor) is an uncommon exophytic low-grade well-differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma. Connolly M, Narayan S, Oxley J, de Berker DA. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Would you like email updates of new search results? J Am Acad Dermatol. Indeed, Li and Ackerman15 regarded HPV-harboring SK in the anogenital region as synonymous with condyloma acuminatum. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. An incisional biopsy specimen (measuring 1.5 1 cm down to bone) was obtained for histopathological examination. and have shown cytotoxicity against human leukemia (K-562). The eruption was initially treated with topical 5-FU twice daily for 4 weeks to treat his large hyperkeratotic lesions on the lower legs that were concerning for multifocal eruptive squamous atypia 2016 Sep;43(9):759-65. doi: 10.1111/cup.12738. It is 3 times more common in men than women, with a predisposition for immunocompromised individuals.20 Giant condyloma acuminatum often covers multiple anatomic structures owing to its large size, most frequently involving the penis and the anorectum. Speight PM, Abram TJ, Floriano PN, et al. Corbaln-Vlez R, Martnez-Barba E, Lpez-Poveda MJ, Vidal-Abarca Gutirrez I, Ruz-Maci JA, Oviedo-Ramirez I, Martnez-Menchn T. Actas Dermosifiliogr. Head Neck Pathol. Unlike lesions infected with high-risk HPV, which are diffusely and strongly positive for p16, condylomas display negative, focal, or patchy staining (Figure 1, D).17,18 When necessary, testing for low-risk HPV (types 6 and 11) by PCR-DNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry may also aid in diagnosis.19, Giant condyloma acuminatum is a large, fungating, and locally destructive form of condyloma acuminatum. [19], There are various behaviors that have been studied that resulted from endophyte symbiosis with plants. As of 1999 this is only available in the afore-mentioned lawn grasses, which are sold as 'low maintenance' cultivars. Patients typically present with multiple red-brown or violaceous papules on penile or vulvar skin, although any anogenital sites may be affected. Mller S. Oral lichenoid lesions: distinguishing the benign from the deadly. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory.