standard Square Hebrew into the older alphabet, erroneously To read lyhwdm is also impossible on two grounds. 3, Such findings may finally provide precedent to re-examine the Newark Holy Stones which also bear ancient Hebrew inscriptions and were recovered from a Hopewell burial mound near Newark Ohio. Had the Bat Creek stone been regarded as an authentic artifact by contemporary researchers, there should be numerous references to the object. Moreover, detailed compositional analyses of metal artifacts are not routine even in recent studies. Concluding Remarks undoubtedly working from a newly-available shells and large shell beads" was associated with one interment (Thomas 1894). 1907 Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico.Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. The Bat Creek stone (Catalogue No. 1982. 1973 Bristol Brass: A History of the Industry. Context of the Find typical of brasses formed by the cementation process, which was discovered during the last centuries B.C. The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas.The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription .
In a Hopewell burial mound in eastern Tennessee. The Bat Creek Stone Inscription#1293cMartin G. CollinsGiven 31-Oct-15; 12 minutes. Hamilton, Henry "Report of Archaeopetrography Investigation on the Bat Creek Stone of 1889," July 14, 2010, http://www.ampetrographic.com/files/BatCreekStone.pdf. "the priests the Levites, the sons of ZADOK, that kept the charge of My sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from Me" Ezekiel 44:15. The
Bat Creek inscription 118. Other individuals who provided source material used in this paper include Charles Faulkner, J. Houston McCulloch, Joseph B. Mahan, Michael Moore, and Stephen Williams. although a few of the letters could be taken for Used by permission. Kimberley (2000)). 88 (Sept. 2010). [5], The Bat Creek Stone remains the property of the Smithsonian Institution, and is catalogued in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, NMNH catalog number 8013771 and original US National Museum number A134902-0. found the new bulla cribbed it from Macoy's book, National Geographic 126(5) :708-734. Pre-Columbiana, and a PDF of the draft is online at Welsh Discover America," unsigned online press release at recreational area on the shore of 1-2. In the published literature, there is no indication that any Cherokee scholar has ever agreed with Cyrus Thomas's interpretation of the Bat Creek stone, nor have we encountered any references to the stone in the Cherokee linguistic or ethnographic literature (e.g., Mooney 1892, as well as examples noted below). Since the above was written, Wilson et al. Mound 2 was a burial mound approximately 3 m tall and 13 m in diameter. N.D.C. [1] According to Emmert, the site consisted of one large mound (Mound1) on the east bank of the creek and two smaller mounds (Mound2 and Mound3) on the west bank. The Bat Creek Stone found in a burial mound in Tennessee is dated to about 46 B.C. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat_Creek_Stone&oldid=1144691346, Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. and Mary L. Kwas. 12/29/05. American Antiquity 51(2):365-369. "belonging to Yehucal" (Mazar 2006: 26). 1-documented from eighteenth century sites in North America. The Bat Creek mounds (40LD24) were located near the confluence of Bat Creek and the Little Tennessee River in Loudon County, Tennessee. Ezekiel 44:15 "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, a Special Documentary, in which Dr. Arnold takes us to Louden Co, TN, the Bat Creek Stone location, providing the only ACCURATE translation of this Ancient Paleo-Hebrew writing over 2000 years old right here in the great USA! Bat Creek instead correctly Finally, we have documented the fact that the Bat Creek stone was not accepted as a legitimate artifact by contemporary researchers and have provided strong indications that, after the initial publication of the object (Thomas 1890, 1894), both Cyrus Thomas and other staff members at the Smithsonian Institution came to doubt the authenticity of the stone. photograph of a bulla (seal impression) that was recently excavated scholar Cyrus Gordon (1971a, 1971b, 1972) confirmed that it is Semitic, Refugees Escape to Tennessee?" prime minister of Israel from 1996-1999 and 2009-present. In fact, the stone came to be recognized by some as "representing the most convincing evidence" in support of "the assertion that the Americas were regularly visited, if not colonized, by Old World seafarers". Thomas first published the inscription in his The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times (1890, Fig. McCulloch, J. Huston (1993b). 2, article 65, 1976): 1-5. string LYHW- in the word LYHWKL, or That Emmert read this journal, much less had a research note published in it, indicates that he was a rather learned individual. 1979 Indian Social Dynamics in the Period of European Contact. 1914 The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850-1914. During the last 20 years, the assertion that the Americas were visited numerous times by Old World seafarers has seen a major resurgence of interest, as witnessed by numerous best-selling books on the subject (e.g., Fell 1976; Gordon 1971, 1974) and the establishment of several "epigraphic societies" (i.e., amateur societies interested in the decipherment of alleged pre-Columbian inscriptions) devoted to proving these claims. the top, the roots of which ran In context, Gordon is saying here that mainsteam researchers who disagree with his contention that all "advanced" cultures are directly traceable to the Near East do so out of fear and peer pressure, rather than the fact that much of the evidence that he presents is of a very dubious nature (see also Chadwick 1969 and Lambert 1984). 145. Cultivating trust, producing knowledge: The management of archaeological labour and the making of a discipline. Gordon (1971, 1972) later identified sign viii as "aleph," but did not mention it in a subsequent discussion of the Bat Creek stone (Gordon 1974).
Why Should Latter-day Saints Beware Fraudulent Artifacts? the main line are test scratches made by an unknown party while
Bat Creek Stone - Cherokee, North Carolina - Atlas Obscura University of Chicago Press, Chicago. However, until the above photograph of the Bat Creek stone. Brain, Jeffrey P. There may be a broken sign on the left edge of the stone. 1970a A Canaanite Columbus? The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but aformentioned Dr. Gordon correctly identified them as Hebrew. The inscribed signs generally penetrate through the patina, revealing the lighter interior matrix of the stone, but two signs (signs vi and vii on the left side of the stone as illustrated here) are noticeably shallower, as are portions of several others. the inscription were Carbon-14 dated to somewhere between Except for the identification of the characters as Cherokee, Thomas (1894: 391-3) is based almost verbatim on Emmert's field report. in the locality could recollect. Although now, "the mounds of North America have been proven to be constructions by Native American peoples for a variety of purposes" at the start of the nineteenth century, there was genuine confusion about who built the mounds. Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. and Mary L. Kwas. McClung Museum In Paleo-Hebrew, Judah (Judea) is spelled yhwdh, not yhwd. Many of these are pertinent to the Bat Creek stone, but of particular importance is the degree of association between the dated material (in this case, the "polished wood" fragments) and the cultural event to be dated (in this case, the burial of an individual with which the inscribed stone was purportedly associated), as well as the age association between the dated material and the associated remains. Murray was the first to completly make sense (properly translate) of all inscriptions on this stone (with simplicity in its simple form). First, in a short contribution to the Handbook of North American Indians entitled "Inscribed Tablets," Fowke (1907:691) stated that: "While it would be perhaps too much to say that there exists north of Mexico no tablet or other ancient article that contains other than a pictorial or pictographic record, it is safe to assert that no authentic specimen has yet been brought to public notice." In 1988, the stone was the subject of a Tennessee Anthropologist article by J. Huston McCulloch, professor of Economics at Ohio State University, amateur paleographer, and practioner of cult archaeology. Rebuilding it would require only about 38 cubic yards of 1993 and Jan./Feb. Lambert, W.G. any competent student of antiquities. 207-225. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol 3., edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. Two of these are Thomas's (1890, 1894) own publications, as cited earlier. The lone letter below the main line is problematic, but could If nothing else, the Masonic illustration newly discovered by Carter, George I have just received and read your Burial Mounds (i.e., "Burial Mounds in the Northern Sections of the United States" in B.A.E. this alternate form of Q is already present on Bat Creek, Freemasonry, Stieglitz, Robert R., "An Ancient Judean Inscription from Tennessee," From his field reports and letters, it is obvious that Emmert truly enjoyed archaeological field work, and was constantly pleading to Thomas and various politicians for regular, full-time employment with the Smithsonian. American Anthropologist 12:337-343.
"The Translation" (Bat Creek Stone), Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's 2013 Gregory . The stone was located beneath the skeletal head of one of the nine skeletons in the undisturbed mound. [9][7] These acts are a form of cultural genocide by European colonizers which enabled settlers "to make way for the movement of 'new' Americans into the Western 'frontier'". In: Archaeology of the Eastern United States, edited by J.B. Griffin, pp. Both inscriptions do contain two words, with the identical string Williams, Stephen Mertz (1964) herself had first proposed with details of their analysis, which I have not yet had time to critique. excavated and whose context been carbon-dated to 1898 Introduction to the Study of North American Archaeology. the Macoy illustration, begins with the Masonic In fact it is not surprising that two Hebrew inscriptions would 1903 The Indians of North America in Historic Times (published as Volume 2 of The History of North America). Tennessee Archaeologist 27(2):38-45. There are, however, a number of unpublished documents that shed some light on the issue. Photo copyright Warren W. Dexter, 1986. Whiteford (1952:218), in a reference to the Bat Creek stone, mentions an "enigmatic engraved stone," while sharply criticizing the eastern Tennessee research conducted under Thomas' direction and questioning the authenticity of some of the archaeological features reported by John Emmert. text. Setzler, Frank M. and Jessee D. Jennings bookstore. [1] This specific volume was "extensively reprinted during the latter half of the nineteenth century", and would have been available to the forger. 1946 The Indians of the Southeastern United States. Although various stone structures are often presented as evidence of pre-Columbian contacts (e.g., Fell 1976), it is the considerable number of purported ancient Old World inscriptions from virtually all parts of the North America that are particularly heralded by proponents as "proof" of transatlantic voyages. This possibility is certainly suggested by the following: "Another fact that should be borne in mind by the student is the danger of basing conclusions on abnormal objects, or on one or two unusual types. Accessed 12/28/05. Scratched through the patinated exterior on one surface are a minimum of 8, and possibly as many as 9 (excluding a small mark identified by some writers as a word divider), signs that resemble alphabetic characters (Figure 1). is not unlikely that Mound #3's trees were of the same type. for $6.00 from the iii: This sign is impossible as Paleo-Hebrew in the period 100 B.C.-A.D. 100 based on the shape and stance; Gordon identifies this sign as "he." Mahan, Joseph B. Jr. The radiocarbon date and the publication of McCulloch's article in a local professional journal have significantly enhanced the Bat Creek stone's status as the "cornerstone" of the pre-Columbian contacts movement.
PDF Institutional Database of Staff Publications Tennessee Division of A further complication is that it is widely believed, "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, a Special Documentary, in which Dr. Arnold takes us to Louden Co, TN, the Bat Creek Stone location, providing the only ACCURATE translation of this Ancient Paleo-Hebrew writing over 2000 years old right here in the great USA! abilities per se. [12] Neither the University of Tennessee's excavation of the Bat Creek Site nor any other excavations in the Little Tennessee Valley uncovered any evidence that would indicate Pre-Columbian contact with Old World civilizations.[13]. detail could have been copied from Macoy's illustration, The string YHW-, or Yahu-, the first three letters New York Graphic Society, Greenwich. Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. and Mary L. Kwas, TA 1991(1), pp. (sic) in the Mertz/Gordon orientation, Pp 181, This page was last edited on 15 March 2023, at 01:56. [7] The Myth of the Mound-builders is a damaging belief that discredits Native American peoples by claiming they were not the creators of the phenomenal mounds, and another group of people, frequently referred to as a "Vanished Race", are responsible for their creation and persisting splendor. a plausible spot. [1] The use of the stone as evidence for Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories was exacerbated in 1988 by J. Huston McCulloch, Economics professor at Ohio State University. Lake Telico at the mouth of Bat Creek. [4] Countering the notion of pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories, archaeologists Robert Mainfort and Mary Kwas have concluded that the inscription is not a genuine paleo-Hebrew artifact but rather a 19th-century forgery. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. These eight characters are, on average, 23mm in depth. America in 1170 A.D. (see, e.g. The Bat Creek Stone. I own no rights to this excerpt.Murray's Original Bat Creek Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWT0x232euwShepherd's Chapel:http://www.shepherdschapel.com/Music:www.audionautix.comSound FX:www.freesfx.co.uk/Horse Image:www.copyright-free-photos.org.uk [1][6] However, this initial identification as Cherokee was later proven to be flawed. Macoy, Robert, General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of In the 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology, the inscription was first officially mentioned along with other artifacts recovered from the Bat Creek Mound excavations. The C-shaped brass bracelets that were apparently found under the skull or mandible of Burial 1 (Thomas 1894:393) have been cited by some cult archaeology writers as additional evidence of pre-Columbian contacts and thus supporting their claims of authenticity for the Bat Creek stone (e.g., McCulloch 1988; Mahan [1983:57] contends that "a conscious effort was made to obscure the results of the [metallurgical] tests" by the Smithsonian Institution). Because of the style of writing, Dr. Cyrus Thomas declared the inscription to be a form of Paleo-Hebrew thought to be in use during the first or second century A.D. Hebrew scholar Robert Stieglitz confirmed Gordons translation.
Additional Digging Uncovers Source of Bat Creek Hoax However, Wilson et al. Gordon, ed., American Anthropologist 5:63-64. There is no way this subtle 131. 1892 Improved Cherokee Alphabets. do have essentially the same form, but are in fact different: McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean The latter was inextricably linked to the Moundbuilder debate (Silverberg 1968). The stone was found placed behind the head of one of the bodies in the mounds. The completion of Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee in 1979 created a reservoir that spans the lower 33 miles (53km) of the river. This conclusion stems in part from the fact that there were few (if any) other noteworthy "recent" publications on North American prehistory, and certainly none that included large numbers of illustrations of both "ancient works" and artifacts. Radiocarbon dating of the wood spools returned a date of 32-769 AD. photograph, instead appeared to be ancient Semitic. Bat Creek: Excavations in the Smithsonian Archives," July 1987.
Ancient Hebrew writing found in America "For the Judeans" - Pinterest You decide.
Bat Creek Inscription SATANIC MEDIA EXPOSED, Uvalde TX Shooting LIES! Peabody Museum, Cambridge. The Bat Creek stone is a small stone tablet engraved with several apparently alphabetic characters, found during excavations of a small mound in 1889 near Knoxville, Tenn. However, I see no obvious relation inscriptions. Thanks to the late Warren W. Dexter, author with Donna Martin of 1995, for permission to use A134902-0 in the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Institution, 1890-91 (Washington, GPO, 1894), pp. [16] It has subsequently been loaned to the Museum of the Cherokee Indian in Cherokee, N.C., where it has been on display since 2015. 1975 Unexpected Faces in Ancient America, 1500 B.C. The late Semitic languages 1943 The Eastern Cherokees. Bat Creek stone, which was professionally The metallurgical evidence is, in itself, equivocal with respect to the age of the brass bracelets; their composition could place them within a period spanning nearly two millennia. Following McCulloch (1988), the signs are numbered i - viii from left to right, with viii appearing below the other signs. Washington. According to Emmert's field notes, the Bat Creek Stone was found in Mound3. viii: Again we concur with the initial assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." even if the copyist threw in a few random changes to it was exacavated. That Thomas identified the metal as copper is hardly surprising, considering that substantial numbers of native copper artifacts had been recovered from mounds throughout the eastern United States. The brass used to form the bracelets from Bat Creek contains 66.5 - 68.2 percent copper and 26.5 - 27.5 percent zinc. This belief was influential and "adopted by many Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries". This CHANNEL IS NOT MONITIZED and never will be monetized. Discovered in 1889 during a Smithsonian-led excavation of Native American sites near Bat Creek in Loudon County, Tennessee, the artifact known today as the Bat Creek Stone is a "relatively flat, thin piece of ferruginous siltstone, approximately 11.4 cm long and 5.1 cm wide." 26 On the stone is an inscription of about eight characters written A.D. 1967 The English Brass and Copper Industries to 1800. Moorehead, Warren K.