Commanders and staffs can recognize relationships among events in the area of interest, discern the way the enemy thinks, and forecast what he might do. In order to focus the intelligence enterprise, the MIB (T) and the G2 use Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR) as its main driver to focus the intelligence apparatus. They influence and interact with the populace, the force, and each other. However, when their resolution is necessary to accomplish the mission, commanders become concerned with them. (See FM 101-5-2.) It is commonly said that "procedures are to people what software is to hardware." Integration occurs as information moves up the cognitive hierarchy. Other events are disasters from natural, manmade, or technological sources. Column 1, EEI Number - The reference number assigned to each EEI to be collected. : Will the Donovian commander commit his breaching force against 1-5IN in Alpha/Bravo pass? Elements of Effective Instruction | Great Schools Partnership Essential elements of friendly information. This appendix expands the discussion of information in chapter 3. essential element. If not, develop detailed list of what needed, how much, by when? Has CDC been alerted to deploy for human bioassay, contamination/dose assessment, and consultation in victim decontamination? Even though the phases are conducted sequentially, each phase may be occurring simultaneously and dealing with different needs. (See FM 5-0.) CCIR are-. Essential Elements of Information - emilms.fema.gov CCIR belong to the commander alone. IPB is critical to analyzing and understanding the effect of terrain on friendly and enemy COAs. In stability operations and support operations, Army forces work closely with civilians of all types. The goal in IM should not be processing vast amounts of data but processing the information necessary to bring commanders to an accurate situational understanding as quickly as possible. Cognition turns information into knowledge. (See paragraphs B-68-B-72.) By definition, commanders need it to make a decision. Other organizations may come from outside the AO. Cognition-the act of learning, of integrating from various pieces of information-allows commanders and staffs to generate knowledge. In general, commanders do not require RI beyond a moderate level to accomplish their individual missions, so long as it is accurate, timely, and usable. Using the example PIR above How will the Donovian commander use his fixing forces? and previously developed enemy courses of action, EEIs are used to identify all the possible locations the Donovian commander could feasibly use his fixing forces during his attack. In order to focus the intelligence enterprise, the MIB (T) and the G2 use Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR) as its main driver to focus the intelligence apparatus. However, they are only effective when used properly and crafted smartly. : How does the analyst know he or she has answered an EEI? (See figure B-2.) It also depends on how much time is usable; for example, for some activities, hours of darkness are useable time, while for others they are not. Troops using valleys as avenues of approach must control the adjacent ridges to protect their movement. Scholars have divided the study of geography into six parts called "The Six Essential Elements of Geography." A geographically informed person knows: 1. The collector may become fixated on counting equipment and only reporting when they see the exact size force described by the indicator. This important but often overlooked aspect of the PIR can help the collection manager to properly assign collectors. Therefore, commanders and ASCC G2s must ensure an optimized intelligence enterprise by preserving and stewarding intelligence capabilities as well as the intelligence core tasks (e.g. Figure B-3 illustrates the relationships among the cognitive hierarchy, IRs, and CCIR. Are individuals, families, and service providers able to access recovery resources. One of the misnomers regarding Priority Intelligence Requirements is that there can be only one set at a time. What is the Federal plan for distribution and allocation of medical supplies to include main and alternate supply points and supporting terminals to be used or considered? This in turn prevents the enemy from successfully breaching the battle positions and ultimately defeats the enemy attacking force. In Evaluating Immunities before a Special Tribunal for Aggression Against Ukraine, the Type of Tribunal Matters, Chinas Ferry Tale Taiwan Invasion Plan Is A Legal Nightmare, China Maritime Report No. Essential elements of information | intelligence | Britannica CCIR and IR are the categories used to prioritize collection asset allocation and information processing within the C2 system. A thorough understanding of why the unit is conducting an operation provides the focus for planning. Enemies react to every friendly move. What behavioral health services are available and where? The fourth factor of METT-TC is the number, type, capabilities, and condition of available friendly troops and support. What state(s) need assistance? They look for possible assembly areas, routes, axes of movement, assault positions, ambushes, and battle positions. The second factor to consider is the enemy-dispositions (including organization, strength, location, and tactical mobility), doctrine, equipment, capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable courses of action (COAs). The elements of an information system are customers, business processes, product services and communication technology. The Importance of Priority Intelligence Requirements to the Army Commanders analyze key civilian areas in terms of how they affect the missions of their individual forces as well as how military operations affect these areas. The C2 system cannot reduce judgment to procedures or rules. B-16. It is not designed to be used as is and must be modified to obtain the maximum benefit. B-51. Commanders consider manmade features and their effects on natural terrain features and climate when they analyze terrain. Using this example lets say the collection manager assigned a Shadow Unmanned Aerial System to observe a Named Area of Interest to the front of 1-24INs and 1-5INs battle positions, and a Scout Platoon Observation Post is in front of 3-21INs position. The exception is combat information. Because processing involves rote application of procedures, machines can process many types of data more quickly and efficiently than people. Strategic intelligence is information that is needed to formulate policy and military plans at the international and national policy levels. B-68. They tell the analyst what information the commander needs most in order to make decisions that can potentially change the outcome of the mission and save soldiers lives. Essential Elements of Information - phe.gov However, generating these keywords and phrases is also crucial for the research stage when using the internet. IM provides the structure through which the C2 system collects, processes, displays, store, and disseminates information, and puts the commander's decisions into action. Although CCIR generate PIR and FFIR for management, the focus for the staff is answering the CCIR to support the commander's visualization and decisionmaking. Have outbreaks/reports of abnormal disease/injury or disease/injury rates been restored to pre-event levels? Increasing assets in one area may compensate for a shortage of assets in another. To visualize enemy forces, commanders need detailed intelligence, such as, speed of advance, tempo, and strengths and weaknesses. Cold weather slows both soldiers and machines; however, it freezes water and allows movement across normally wet areas that are otherwise difficult to pass. : IMR-2s following a large formation T-72 main battle tanks and/or BMPs moving in attack formation. These questions focus the analytical energy of the organization and provide areas of emphasis for collectors. Request for Essential Elements of Information Commanders consider tangible and intangible factors when assigning missions. 6 Essential Elements of a Successful Sales Pitch or - HubSpot It is useful to separate people into distinct categories. Habitual relationships in task organization also save preparation time. What activities are Donovia conducting within the AOR which affect US interests, access, or influence? Effective commanders use weather and climate to their advantage. As commanders allocate tasks and resources to subordinates, they ensure their decisions support the decisive operation and the higher commander's intent. Without software, the hardware wouldn't be very useful. Is DOD assistance available to provide installation support for Federal medical capabilities? Until data is processed, it is often difficult to tell if it is relevant. Possible sites for the temporary settlement of dislocated civilians or other civil functions. If the military's mission is to support civil authorities, civil considerations define the mission. FFIR focus on "how I see myself." IM consists of two elements: INFOSYS (see paragraphs 5-38-5-72) and RI. To a degree, cognition relies on rules of logic or deduction; thus, expert systems and artificial intelligence can assist with cognition to some extent by helping integrate pieces of processed data. What Are the Four Basic Functions of a Computer. Some-such as, bridges, communications towers, power plants, and dams-are traditional high-payoff targets. The following criteria, listed in relative order of importance, help do this: B-80. B-27. The GMTI indicates that a company size formation is moving towards 3-21IN and 1-5INs positions and a larger battalion size element is moving towards 1-24INs position. Everything you do using a computer is done by the software. Cite. Parallel planning can help make the most of time available. In "Fundamentals of Information Systems," Ralph Stair and George Reynolds define a computer-based information system (CBIS) as a "single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information." The source used by the data collector. Weather and climate have direct and indirect effects on tactical operations. B-64. Commanders consider available troops and support when analyzing whether they have enough resources to accomplish a mission. Organizations involved in recovery should develop EEIs to support their situational awareness and assessment efforts prior . When will DHS/FEMA identify staging bases? Key Terrain and Decisive Terrain. B-26. For example, bad weather can favor the attacker by concealing a moving force while making construction of fighting positions more difficult for the defender. An introduction email should be part of your company's broader email marketing strategy. Is DOD assistance available to provide patient transport/ground transport capability support, including at-risk populations? 6 Essential Elements Of Geography Teaching Resources | TPT In the U.S. Army Intelligence & Security Command (USINSCOM), proper implementation of the intelligence apparatus, using a PIR-driven methodology and enterprise synchronization, is part of a Line of Effort (LOE) for most Brigade Commanders and the HQs, as it is key task to set the theater. Have evacuation/relocation sites been identified? SOPs promote understanding and teamwork among commanders, staffs, and subordinates. In intelligence: Levels of intelligence they are usually called the essential elements of information and are defined as those items of intelligence information about a foreign power, armed force, target, or physical environment that are absolutely vital for timely and accurate decision making. B-71. Design of an information system is done based on elements of the model. These databases form the basis of the COP. B-43. Commanders carefully weigh the expected military benefits against costs to the community that will have to be addressed in the future. All the essential topics in information theory are covered in detail, including . Relevant information is also placed into four categories based on how it is used: B-56. CCIR may include a latest time information of value (LTIOV) to indicate time sensitivity. Essential elements of information refers to the most critical information requirements regarding the adversary and the environment needed by the commander by a particular time to relate with other available information and intelligence in order to assist in reaching a logical decision. However, it is important to realize that they exist. In computer-based information systems, procedures are frequently covered in instruction or user manuals that describe how to use the hardware, software and data. B-1. Commander's critical information requirements are elements of information required by commanders that directly affect decisionmaking and dictate the successful execution of military operations (FM 3-0). An appreciation of civil considerations-the ability to analyze their impact on operations-enhances several aspects of operations: among them, the selection of objectives; location, movement, and control of forces; use of weapons; and force protection measures. (2014). Under mission command, missions to subordinate commanders allow the greatest possible freedom of action. Commanders analyze their missions and decisions in terms of the higher commander's intent, mission, and concept of operations. 4. COMMANDER'S CRITICAL INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS. What is the status of Federal health and medical facilities in the affected area? Communication is left out of some lists of CBIS elements, but for a CBIS that involves more than one piece of hardware to function, communication or connectivity is a necessity. Extremely time-sensitive in terms of decisionmaking; there can be no delays in transmission. Have environmental radiation measurements been accomplished in the affected area(s)? Keeping this focus demands vision on the part of the commander and understanding of the commander's intent and CCIR by subordinates. B-21. Other business practices compliment the process, too, such as (1) Area of Intelligence Responsibility (AOIR) for collection, analysis, production, and dissemination; (2) Intelligence Handover Lines (IHL) for mission federation; (3) PIR-SIR-SOR-SDR for sensor synchronization; and (4) intelligence architecture for sensor and apparatus customization. What is the behavioral health bed status in the affected and surrounding areas/ status of NDMS? So, an indicator of where the enemy commander is going to employ his breaching force is the location of the IMR-2, a very distinct looking piece of equipment, within the enemy force. Differences in mobility, protection, firepower, equipment, morale, experience, leadership, and training make some units more suitable for certain missions than others. B-55. From the Collection Battalion to the Army Service Component Command (ASCC), PIR (and the analysis that goes into answering them) are one the most important tasks of the Intelligence enterprise. Obstacles fall into two categories: existing and reinforcing. What is the status of safety and security of human drugs, biologics, medical devices, and veterinary drugs in the affected area? The colors in the spectra show dips, the size of which reveal the amount of these elements in the atmosphere of a star. Use Audience Segmentation Wrap Up Why Send an Introduction Email? B-61. TTPs include battle drills and tactical actions that lend themselves to standardized execution, such as refuel-on-the-move site operations. Others-such as, churches, mosques, national libraries, and hospitals-are cultural sites that international law or other agreements generally protect. Enemy commanders do the same. In the context of information management, the six factors of METT-TC-mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil considerations-make up the major subject categories into which relevant information is grouped for military operations. People is a general term used to describe nonmilitary personnel encountered by military forces. Terrain is normally analyzed using the five military aspects of terrain, expressed in the memory aid, OAKOC: Commanders consider all five aspects when analyzing terrain. In order to focus the intelligence enterprise, the MIB (T) and the G2 use Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR) as its main driver to focus the intelligence apparatus. During preparation and execution, CCIR focus on information needed to validate the selected COA or determine when to initiate critical events, such as a branch or sequel. These decisions and assessments produce new questions that address the changed situation and future command decisions. IRs must be related to the unit mission; unfocused requests may provide plenty of data, but not much RI. If so, how many, where, with what mission(s)? Applicable only to the commander who specifies them. CCIR are not static. Radiation Laboratory Response Network (RadLRN) CDC Radionuclide Assay Lab and Health Physicists, Home | Contact Us | Accessibility | Privacy Policies | Disclaimer | HHS Viewers & Players| HHS Plain Language| Vulnerability Disclosure Policy, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), 200 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20201, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | USA.gov| How to use maps and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective b. The existence of an independent press guarantees that US military activities that do not meet America's military standards for dealing with noncombatants will be reported in US, host-nation, and international public forums. Climate is a longer-term but more predictable phenomenon than weather. Judgment is a purely human skill. Others add a sixth element, communications, to the list. Still others are facilities with practical applications-such as, jails, warehouses, television and radio stations, and print plants-that may be useful for military purposes. Many people make the mistake of trying to encompass more than one question into a PIR, When and where will the Donovian commander used his fixing force? This question is asking two distinct things, when will the commander use his forces and where will he use them. In all cases, the fewer the CCIR, the better the staff can focus its efforts and allocate scarce resources. Will DoD permit the use of TRAC2ES and the GPMRC to monitor and track all patient movements (air, sea, and ground), including movement of at-risk populations? Civil considerations of the environment can either help or hinder friendly or enemy forces; the difference lies in which commander has taken time to learn the situation and its possible effects on the operation. NIMS Management Characteristic - Information and Intelligence Management Are health care and social service providers experiencing/expecting workforce attrition? Effective use of terrain diminishes the effects of enemy fires, increases the effects of friendly fires, and facilitates surprise. The second step of intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) helps commanders with this complex task. If you want to give a successful presentation, you need to connect with your audience. Rate: Favorite: They generally maintain information of friendly forces two levels down. Appendix B: Essential Elements of Information. A methodical commander may be a better choice for a deliberate breaching operation. Information systems (INFOSYS) now available provide commanders at all levels with near real-time RI on the current situation in the form of the COP. Essential nutrients are compounds that the body can't make or can't make in sufficient quantity. This is, in part, because parts of it are covered under hardware. Part 3 - Indicators: How does the analyst know he or she has answered an EEI? However, civilian organizations may possess specialized capabilities that they may be willing to share with military forces. The Shadow queued by the JSTARS flies over the enemy formation and identifies 2 IMR-2 obstacle clearing vehicles following a large formation of tanks and BMPs headed towards 1-24INs position. What damage has occurred in the affected area (including injuries/fatalities)? Simultaneously, bad weather can help the defender by making offensive movement more difficult. From the Collection Battalion to the Army Service Component Command (ASCC), PIR (and the analysis that goes into answering them) are one the most important tasks of the Intelligence enterprise. It is not a procedural act, but an act of learning. : Will the Donovian commander commit his breaching force against 1-24IN in the central corridor? What are the safety and health recommendations for facilities that cannot be evacuated (if requested by the state)? With responsibility in most cases for an entire continent, Army Service Components must accurately prioritize their information requirements or risk being overwhelmed by information. Finding the things that are critical to quality means looking at the various possible failure modes, and root causes behind those failures. In this example the EEIs for this PIR would look something like, Will the Donovian commander use his fixing force against Alpha Company in Granite pass? or Will the Donovian commander use his fixing force against Charlie Company in the Central Corridor?. Consequently, commanders never assume their operations will unfold as planned. Processing includes filtering, fusing, formatting, organizing, collating, correlating, plotting, translating, categorizing, and arranging. This in turn will cause a trigger to be met on the decision support matrix (DSM). Because the ASCC has a larger footprint to support than a maneuver Division ACE, a PIR-driven analytical process is critical in order to manage the organizational resources throughout the depth of the Area of Operations (AO). The World in Spatial Terms a. (See FM 5-102.). A more appropriate way to ask the question is, How will the Donovian commander use his fixing forces? As will be illustrated in the later sections of this piece, answering this question as apposed to the previous one can provide more detailed insights into the enemy commanders thought process and can trigger the blue force commander to make a decision. Data, or information, is the third element of a CBIS. The United States Department of Defense defines EEI as follows: The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence defines EEI as follows: The United States Army eliminated the term EEI from its doctrine in August 2014, though Joint doctrine still uses the term.[3]. Data is the lowest level of information on the cognitive hierarchy. COP-related information is grouped into the major subject categories of METT-TC. B-62. At the tactical level, they directly relate to key civilian areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events within the AO. It is provided by standard reports and ISR activities. B-4. Cover is protection from the effects of fires. What behavioral health assets can HHS OPDIVS and ESF#8 partners roster and deploy for prestaging? The importance of keywords and subject-specific vocabulary in writing an information report has already been mentioned. They produce constructive results by the force of argument and the example of their actions. In this example the EEIs for this PIR would look something like, Will the Donovian commander use his fixing force against Alpha Company in Granite pass? or Will the Donovian commander use his fixing force against Charlie Company in the Central Corridor?. It is a continuous process consisting of five phases. The host nation or other nations might provide these resources and services.